Quantum vacuum fluctuations, when in coherent phases, give rise to mass and force that manifest as particles. Conversely, it is the decoherence of these quantum vacuum fluctuations that creates the distinction between matter particles and what appears to be empty space. At the Planck scale, spacetime is composed of rapidly fluctuating "foam" of virtual particles popping in and out of existence. When these fluctuations achieve a certain level of coherence and stability, they can form more persist

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